A healthy lifestyle is positively associated with mental health and well-being and core markers in ageing – BMC Medicine – BMC Medicine

  • World Health Organization. Healthy living: what is a healthy lifestyle? Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Tackling NCDs: ‘best buys’ and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2000–2025. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 2021 Physical Activity Factsheets for the European Union Member States in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eurostat. Database on health determinants 2021 [Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/health/data/database?node_code=hlth_det.

  • Whitman IR, Agarwal V, Nah G, Dukes JW, Vittinghoff E, Dewland TA, et al. Alcohol abuse and cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(1):13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.048.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism. 2019;92:98–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.011.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freisling H, Viallon V, Lennon H, Bagnardi V, Ricci C, Butterworth AS, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1474-7.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Pleasants RA, Croft JB, Wheaton AG, Heidari K, Malarcher AM, et al. Smoking duration, respiratory symptoms, and COPD in adults aged ≥ 45 years with a smoking history. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1409. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S82259.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch Micheletti J, Bláfoss R, Sundstrup E, Bay H, Pastre CM, Andersen LL. Association between lifestyle and musculoskeletal pain: cross-sectional study among 10,000 adults from the general working population. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):609. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-3002-5.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bowe AK, Owens M, Codd MB, Lawlor BA, Glynn RW. Physical activity and mental health in an Irish population. Ir J Med Sci. 2019;188(2):625–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-018-1863-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson S, McNeill A, Brose LS. Smoking and quitting behaviours by mental health conditions in Great Britain (1993–2014). Addict Behav. 2019;90:14–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levy MZ, Allsopp RC, Futcher AB, Greider CW, Harley CB. Telomere end-replication problem and cell aging. J Mol Biol. 1992;225(4):951–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(92)90096-3.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaughnessy DT, McAllister K, Worth L, Haugen AC, Meyer JN, Domann FE, et al. Mitochondria, energetics, epigenetics, and cellular responses to stress. Environ Health Perspect. 2014;122(12):1271–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408418.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Gao YT, Cai Q, Qu S, Cai H, Li HL, et al. Associations of leukocyte telomere length with body anthropometric indices and weight change in Chinese women. Obesity. 2013;21(12):2582–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crous-Bou M, Fung TT, Prescott J, Julin B, Du M, Sun Q, et al. Mediterranean diet and telomere length in Nurses’ Health Study: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2014;349:g6674. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6674.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen BG, Gyselaers W, Byun H-M, Roels HA, Cuypers A, Baccarelli AA, et al. Placental mitochondrial DNA and CYP1A1 gene methylation as molecular signatures for tobacco smoke exposure in pregnant women and the relevance for birth weight. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1113-4.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Mateu F, Husky M, Cayuela-Fuentes P, Álvarez FJ, Roca-Vega A, Rubio-Aparicio M, et al. The association of telomere length with substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Addiction. 2020;116(8):1954–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pyle A, Anugrha H, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Yarnall A, Burn D, Hudson G. Reduced mitochondrial DNA copy number is a biomarker of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;38:216.e7-.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.033.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashar FN, Zhang Y, Longchamps RJ, Lane J, Moes A, Grove ML, et al. Association of mitochondrial DNA copy number with cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(11):1247–55. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.3683.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen S, Lin J, Matsuguchi T, Blackburn E, Yeh F, Best LG, et al. Short leukocyte telomere length predicts incidence and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in American Indians: the Strong Heart Family Study. Aging. 2014;6(5):414–27. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100671.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mons U, Müezzinler A, Schöttker B, Dieffenbach AK, Butterbach K, Schick M, et al. Leukocyte telomere length and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality: results from individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 2 large prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(12):1317–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww210.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist D, Epel ES, Mellon SH, Penninx BW, Révész D, Verhoeven JE, et al. Psychiatric disorders and leukocyte telomere length: underlying mechanisms linking mental illness with cellular aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:333–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.007.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noble N, Paul C, Turon H, Oldmeadow C. Which modifiable health risk behaviours are related? A systematic review of the clustering of Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical activity (‘SNAP’) health risk factors. Prev Med. 2015;81:16–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poortinga W. The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population. Prev Med. 2007;44(2):124–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demarest S, Van der Heyden J, Charafeddine R, Drieskens S, Gisle L, Tafforeau J. Methodological basics and evolution of the Belgian Health Interview Survey 1997–2008. Arch Public Health. 2013;71(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/0778-7367-71-24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg DP. User’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care. 1996;34(3):220–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantril H. Pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Löwe B. The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32(4):345–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care. 2008;46(3):266–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gisle L, Drieskens S, Demarest S, Van der Heyden J. Enquête de santé 2018: Santé mentale. Bruxelles: Sciensano; 2018. (https://www.enquetesante.be. Available from. Numéro de rapport: D/2020/14.440/3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care. 1992;30(6):473–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braunholtz S, Davidson S, Myant K, O’Connor R. Well? What do you think?: the Third National Scottish Survey of Public Attitudes to Mental Health, Mental Wellbeing and Mental Health Problems. Scotland: Scottish Government Edinburgh; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lente E, Barry MM, Molcho M, Morgan K, Watson D, Harrington J, et al. Measuring population mental health and social well-being. Int J Public Health. 2012;57(2):421–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-011-0317-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Bruin A, Picavet HSJ, Nossikov A. Health interview surveys: towards international harmonization of methods and instruments. Copenhagen: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Superior Health Council. Dietary guidelines for the Belgian adult population. Report 9284. Brussels: Superior Health Council; 2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. HEARTS Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: healthy-lifestyle counselling. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. Country profiles on nutrition, physical activity and obesity in the 28 European Union Member States of the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskaran K, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3.6 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(12):944–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30288-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benetou V, Kanellopoulou A, Kanavou E, Fotiou A, Stavrou M, Richardson C, et al. Diet-related behaviors and diet quality among school-aged adolescents living in Greece. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3804. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123804.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martens DS, Plusquin M, Gyselaers W, De Vivo I, Nawrot TS. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and newborn telomere length. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0689-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen BG, Munters E, Pieters N, Smeets K, Cox B, Cuypers A, et al. Placental mitochondrial DNA content and particulate air pollution during in utero life. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120(9):1346–52. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104458.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacka FN, O’Neil A, Opie R, Itsiopoulos C, Cotton S, Mohebbi M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’ trial). BMC Med. 2017;15(1):23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pavkovic B, Zaric M, Markovic M, Klacar M, Huljic A, Caricic A. Double screening for dual disorder, alcoholism and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2018;270:483–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit LM, Van Straten A, Van Herten M, Penninx BW, Cuijpers P. Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meader N, King K, Moe-Byrne T, Wright K, Graham H, Petticrew M, et al. A systematic review on the clustering and co-occurrence of multiple risk behaviours. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:657. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3373-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Hassanzadeh Keshteli A, Reza Roohafza H, Afshar H, Feizi A, et al. Combined healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with psychological disorders among adults. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0146888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146888.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet F, Irving K, Terra J-L, Nony P, Berthezène F, Moulin P. Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2005;178(2):339–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.035.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loprinzi PD, Mahoney S. Concurrent occurrence of multiple positive lifestyle behaviors and depression among adults in the United States. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:126–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Gao J, Wang T, Yang L, Liu Y, Shen Y, et al. Association between adverse mental health and an unhealthy lifestyle in rural-to-urban migrant workers in Shanghai. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;116(2):90–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.03.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oftedal S, Kolt GS, Holliday EG, Stamatakis E, Vandelanotte C, Brown WJ, et al. Associations of health-behavior patterns, mental health and self-rated health. Prev Med. 2019;118:295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conry MC, Morgan K, Curry P, McGee H, Harrington J, Ward M, et al. The clustering of health behaviours in Ireland and their relationship with mental health, self-rated health and quality of life. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):692. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-692.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buttery AK, Mensink GB, Busch MA. Healthy behaviours and mental health: findings from the German Health Update (GEDA). The European Journal of Public Health. 2015;25(2):219–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku094.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed NJ, Husen AZ, Khoshnaw N, Getta HA, Hussein ZS, Yassin AK, et al. The effects of smoking on IgE, oxidative stress and haemoglobin concentration. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2020;21(4):1069–72. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.4.1069.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Langley MR, Yoon H, Kim HN, Choi C-I, Simon W, Kleppe L, et al. High fat diet consumption results in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and oligodendrocyte loss in the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866(3):165630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165630.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan HK, Yates E, Lilly K, Dhanda AD. Oxidative stress in alcohol-related liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2020;12(7):332–49. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v12.i7.332.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martens DS, Nawrot TS. Air pollution stress and the aging phenotype: the telomere connection. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2016;3(3):258–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0098-8.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martens DS, Van Der Stukken C, Derom C, Thiery E, Bijnens EM, Nawrot TS. Newborn telomere length predicts later life telomere length: tracking telomere length from birth to child- and adulthood. EBioMedicine. 2021;63:103164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103164.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hang D, Nan H, Kværner AS, De Vivo I, Chan AT, Hu Z, et al. Longitudinal associations of lifetime adiposity with leukocyte telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(5):485–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0382-z.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Y, Honig LS, Schupf N, Lee JH, Luchsinger JA, Stern Y, et al. Mediterranean diet and leukocyte telomere length in a multi-ethnic elderly population. Age. 2015;37(2):24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-015-9758-0.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sellami M, Al-Muraikhy S, Al-Jaber H, Al-Amri H, Al-Mansoori L, Mazloum NA, et al. Age and sport intensity-dependent changes in cytokines and telomere length in elite athletes. Antioxidants. 2021;10(7):1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071035.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Savela S, Saijonmaa O, Strandberg TE, Koistinen P, Strandberg AY, Tilvis RS, et al. Physical activity in midlife and telomere length measured in old age. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(1):81–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2012.02.003.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirabello L, Huang WY, Wong JY, Chatterjee N, Reding D, David Crawford E, et al. The association between leukocyte telomere length and cigarette smoking, dietary and physical variables, and risk of prostate cancer. Aging Cell. 2009;8(4):405–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00485.x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Q, Shi L, Prescott J, Chiuve SE, Hu FB, De Vivo I, et al. Healthy lifestyle and leukocyte telomere length in US women. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e38374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038374.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sindi S, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Hovatta I, Antikainen R, Hänninen T, et al. Telomere length change in a multidomain lifestyle intervention to prevent cognitive decline: a randomized clinical trial. J Gerontol A. 2021;76(3):491–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paltoglou G, Raftopoulou C, Nicolaides NC, Genitsaridi SM, Karampatsou SI, Papadopoulou M, et al. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, personalized, lifestyle intervention program is associated with increased leukocyte telomere length in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):2682. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082682.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarty EF, Hubert HB, Krishnan E, Bruce BB, Lingala VB, Fries JF. Lifestyle risk factors predict disability and death in healthy aging adults. Am J Med. 2012;125(2):190–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bosnes I, Nordahl HM, Stordal E, Bosnes O, Myklebust TÅ, Almkvist O. Lifestyle predictors of successful aging: a 20-year prospective HUNT study. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(7):e0219200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219200.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Epel ES, Prather AA. Stress, telomeres, and psychopathology: toward a deeper understanding of a triad of early aging. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018;14:371–97. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045054.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven JE, Révész D, Epel ES, Lin J, Wolkowitz OM, Penninx BW. Major depressive disorder and accelerated cellular aging: results from a large psychiatric cohort study. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(8):895–901. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.151.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han LK, Verhoeven JE, Tyrka AR, Penninx BW, Wolkowitz OM, Månsson KN, et al. Accelerating research on biological aging and mental health: current challenges and future directions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;106:293–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MY, Lee JW, Kang HC, Kim E, Lee DC. Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content is associated with depression in old women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(2):e218–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.11.019.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mengel-From J, Thinggaard M, Dalgard C, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Christiansen L. Mitochondrial DNA copy number in peripheral blood cells declines with age and is associated with general health among elderly. Hum Genet. 2014;133(9):1149–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-014-1458-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka I, Izumi T, Boku S, Kimura A, Zhang Y, Mouri K, et al. Aberrant telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in suicide completers. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung JK, Lee SY, Park M, Joo E-J, Kim SA. Investigation of mitochondrial DNA copy number in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2019;282:112616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112616.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi PY, Jenkins GD, Welkie BP, McDonnell SK, Evans JM, Cerhan JR, et al. Association of mitochondrial DNA copy number with self-rated health status. Appl Clin Genet. 2018;11:121–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/TACG.S167640.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vyas CM, Ogata S, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mischoulon D, Chang G, Cook NR, et al. Lifestyle and behavioral factors and mitochondrial DNA copy number in a diverse cohort of mid-life and older adults. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237235.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven JE, Révész D, van Oppen P, Epel ES, Wolkowitz OM, Penninx BW. Anxiety disorders and accelerated cellular ageing. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(5):371–8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisanu C, Vitali E, Meloni A, Congiu D, Severino G, Ardau R, et al. Investigating the role of leukocyte telomere length in treatment-resistant depression and in response to electroconvulsive therapy. J Pers Med. 2021;11(11):1100. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva RS, de Moraes LS, da Rocha CAM, Ferreira-Fernandes H, Yoshioka FKN, Rey JA, et al. Telomere length and telomerase activity of leukocytes as biomarkers of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor responses in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 2022;32(1):34–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/ypg.0000000000000305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aas M, Elvsåshagen T, Westlye LT, Kaufmann T, Athanasiu L, Djurovic S, et al. Telomere length is associated with childhood trauma in patients with severe mental disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):97. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0432-7.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Birkenæs V, Elvsåshagen T, Westlye LT, Høegh MC, Haram M, Werner MCF, et al. Telomeres are shorter and associated with number of suicide attempts in affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:1032–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.135.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips AC, Robertson T, Carroll D, Der G, Shiels PG, McGlynn L, et al. Do symptoms of depression predict telomere length? Evidence from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(3):288–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e318289e6b5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Incollingo Rodriguez AC, Polcari JJ, Nephew BC, Harris R, Zhang C, Murgatroyd C, et al. Acculturative stress, telomere length, and postpartum depression in Latinx mothers. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;147:301–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow SM, Verhoeven JE, Révész D, Lindqvist D, Penninx BW, Delucchi KL, et al. The association between psychiatric disorders and telomere length: a meta-analysis involving 14,827 persons. Psychosom Med. 2016;78(7):776–87. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000356.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simon NM, Walton ZE, Bui E, Prescott J, Hoge E, Keshaviah A, et al. Telomere length and telomerase in a well-characterized sample of individuals with major depressive disorder compared to controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.004.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schaakxs R, Verhoeven JE, Voshaar RCO, Comijs HC, Penninx BW. Leukocyte telomere length and late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(4):423–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Baumont AC, Hoffmann MS, Bortoluzzi A, Fries GR, Lavandoski P, Grun LK, et al. Telomere length and epigenetic age acceleration in adolescents with anxiety disorders. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7716. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87045-w.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schutte NS, Malouff JM. The association between depression and leukocyte telomere length: a meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(4):229–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22351.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drieskens S, Demarest S, Bel S, De Ridder K, Tafforeau J. Correction of self-reported BMI based on objective measurements: a Belgian experience. Archives of Public Health. 2018;76:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-018-0255-7.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gorber SC, Schofield-Hurwitz S, Hardt J, Levasseur G, Tremblay M. The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(1):12–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntn010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knez J, Winckelmans E, Plusquin M, Thijs L, Cauwenberghs N, Gu Y, et al. Correlates of peripheral blood mitochondrial DNA content in a general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(2):138–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar